Relación del nivel socioeconómico con el rendimiento académico de estudiantes durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Relationship of socioeconomic level with the academic performance of students during the COVID-19 pandemic

Introducción: el nivel socioeconómico (NSE) de las familias tiene un papel fundamentan en el desempeño académico de los estudiantes. Durante la pandemia, las familias con NSE bajo tuvieron menores oportunidades y se acrecentaron las desigualdades por limitaciones económicas y técnicas, lo cual pudo haber influido en las calificaciones y rendimiento académico de los alumnos. Objetivo: identificar la relación entre el NSE y el rendimiento académico de un grupo de estudiantes de licenciatura en enfermería durante la pandemia COVID-19. Metodología: estudio transversal, cuantitativo, analítico, con alumnos que tuvieron educación a distancia, se utilizó el instrumento denominado Nivel Socioeconómico (NSE) de la Asociación Mexicana de Agencias de Inteligencia de Mercado y Opinión Pública (AMAI), así como los promedios del semestre cursado en línea Resultados: participaron 167 alumnos, entre las variables de rendimiento académico y nivel socioeconómico se obtuvo un valor de p = 0.961, para las variables de sexo y estado civil se encontró asociación con un valor de p < 0.05. Conclusiones: no se identificó ninguna relación entre las variables del rendimiento académico y el nivel socioeconómico; sin embargo, otras variables como estado civil y sexo dieron significancia estadística, por lo que se sugiere ahondar en estas variables, así como su relación con el rendimiento académico.

Introduction: The socioeconomic level (SES) of families has a fundamental role in the academic performance of students, during the pandemic families with a low SES had fewer opportunities and increased inequalities due to economic and technical limitations, which could influence grades and academic performance. of the students Objective: To identify th e relationship between the SES and aca demic performance of nursing undergraduate students during COVID-19. Methodology: Cross-sectional, quantitative, analytical study with students who had distance education, the instrument called Socioeconomic Level (NSE) of the Mexican Association of Market Intelligence Agencies and Public Opinion (AMAI) was used. and the averages of the semester completed online. Results: 167 students participated, between the variables of academic performance and socioeconomic level a value of p = 0.961 was obtained, for the variables of sex, marital status an association was found with a p value less than 0.05. Conclusions: No relationship was identified between the variables of academic performance and socioeconomic level, however, other variables such as marital status and sex gave statistical significance, so it is suggested to delve into these variables as well as their relationship with academic performance.

Sistema de cotas e desempenho acadêmico: estudo seccional em uma universidade pública brasileira / Quota system and academic performance: sectional study in a brazilian public university / Sistema de cuotas y rendimiento académico: estudio seccional en una universidad pública brasileña

Introdução: A lei de cotas (nº 12.711/2012) foi criada com o intuito de oportunizar o acesso de alunos oriundos de escolas públicas ao ensino superior. Desde então, medidas adicionais foram tomadas para garantir, não só o acesso, mas a permanência destes alunos nas universidades. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho acadêmico dealunos cotistas e não cotistas da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Pará. Metodologia: Foram coletados dados de alunos matriculados nos anos de 2020 e2021 por meio de um questionário on-line e realizada a análise de histórico acadêmico dos voluntários. A análise dos dados foi realizada com software Jamovi versão 1.6.23, utilizando os testesQui-quadrado, t de Student para amostras independentes e análise de regressão linear multivariada. Em todas as análises foi adotado o nível de significância de 0,05. Resultados: Com uma taxa de resposta de 39,92% (n=200), os resultados demonstraram haver um melhor desempenho acadêmico para o grupo não-cotista no que se refere ao Coeficiente de Rendimento Geral (p=0,001). Além disso, alunos do grupo cotista enfrentam mais dificuldades quando comparados aos não-cotistas (p<0,0001). Na análise múltipla verificou-se que juntas, forma de ingresso (cotista ou não), o enfrentamento de dificuldades, recebimento de auxílios e atividades fora da Faculdade explicam quase 10% da variável Coeficiente de Rendimento Geral (R² = 0,098). Conclusões: A complexidade da comparação sugere a possibilidade de múltiplas causas, entre elas o fator socioeconômico e outras dificuldades experienciadas. Entender e atuar nestas causas é de fundamental importância para a construção de uma universidade inclusiva de qualidade (AU).

Introduction:The quota law (nº 12.711/2012) was created with the objective of providing opportunities for students from public schools to enter federal universities. Since then, additional measures have been taken to ensure not only the access, but the permanence of these students in universities. Objectives:This study aimed to assess the academic performance of quota students and non-quota students at the Faculty of Dentistry of the Federal University of Pará. Methods:Data were collected from students enrolled in the years 2020 and 2021 through an online questionnaire and the academic history of the volunteers was analyzed. Data analysis was performed with Jamovi software version 1.6.23, using the chi-square test, Student's t test for independent samples, and multivariate linear regression analysis. In all analyses, a significance level of 0.05 was adopted. Results:With a response rate of 39.92% (n=200), the results showed a better academic performance for the non-quotastudents with regard to the General PerformanceCoefficient (p=0.001). In addition, quota students face more difficulties when compared to non-quota students (p<0.0001). In the multiple analysis, it was found that the admission modality (quota students or non-quota students), facing difficulties, receiving aid, and activities outside the University explained together almost 10% of the General Performance Coefficient variable (R² = 0.098). Conclusion:The complexity of the comparison suggests the possibility of multiple causes, including the socioeconomic factor and other difficulties experienced. Understanding and acting on these causes is of fundamental importance for the construction of a quality inclusive university (AU).

Introducción: La ley de cuotas (nº 12.711/2012) fue creada con el objetivo de brindar a estudiantes de colegios públicosla oportunidad de ingresar a una universidad federal. Desde entonces, se han tomado medidas adicionales para asegurar, no solo el acceso, sino también la permanencia de estos estudiantes en las universidades. Objetivos:Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar el rendimiento académico de los alumnos con cuota y los sin cuota de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Federal de Pará. Métodos:Se recolectaron datos de estudiantes matriculados en los años 2020 y 2021 a través de un cuestionario en línea y se realizó el análisis del historial académico de los voluntarios. El análisis de datos se realizó con el software Jamovi versión 1.6.23, utilizando la prueba de qui-cuadrado, prueba t de Student para muestras independientes y análisis de regresión lineal multivariado. En todos los análisis se adoptó un nivel de significación de 0.05. Resultados:Con una tasa de respuesta del 39.92% (n=200), los resultados mostraron un mejor rendimiento académico de los alumnos sin cuotacon respecto al Coeficiente de Rendimiento General (p=0.001). Además, los estudiantes con cuota enfrentan más dificultades cuando comparados a los estudiantes sin cuota (p<0.0001). En el análisis múltiple, se encontró que,en conjunto, la forma de ingreso (alumnos con cuota o sin cuota), enfrentar las dificultades, recibir ayudas y actividades fuera de la Facultad explican casi el 10% de la variable Coeficiente de Rendimiento General(R² = 0,098). Conclusión:La complejidad de la comparación sugiere la posibilidad de múltiples causas, incluido el factor socioeconómico y otras dificultades experimentadas. Comprender y actuar sobre estas causas es de fundamental importancia para la construcción de una universidad inclusiva de calidad (AU).

Instrumento en Excel para la calificación de exámenes de la educación médica en Cuba / Instrument in Excel for the Qualification of Exams in the Cuban Medical Education

Introducción: La evaluación de un examen de varias preguntas genera un número elevado de combinaciones que, al sumar el descuento de errores ortográficos, dificulta el otorgamiento de la calificación correcta y requiere de mucho tiempo. La automatización de este proceso fue realizada por Santander Montes y colaboradores con el paquete profesional estadístico PSPP de libre distribución. Objetivo: Construir un instrumento en Excel para calificaciones de exámenes parciales y finales, de tres, cinco y siete preguntas, con descuento de errores ortográficos según los requisitos de la educación médica cubana. Métodos: Se utilizaron las herramientas de tabulación de información y fórmulas que ofrece el programa Excel de Microsoft Office 2013. Resultados: Se diseñó una interfaz simple, fácil de ejecutar. Se creó una secuencia para determinar en el instrumento: validez, confiabilidad, representatividad y factibilidad. Con la revisión reiterada de cinco profesores de manera independiente (1 Pediatría, 1 Medicina Interna y 3 Salud Pública) y la prueba piloto (examen final de Salud Pública de la carrera de medicina en el primer semestre del curso 2021-2022 en la Facultad Julio Trigo López"), se logró un instrumento de muy fácil uso, válido, confiable y accesible. Conclusiones: El instrumento en Excel propuesto proporciona una opción para automatizar el proceso de evaluación, evitando los errores que se cometen en la evaluación manual(AU)

Introduction: The evaluation of an exam of several questions generates a high number of combinations that, when adding the discount of spelling errors, makes it difficult to give the correct grade and requires a lot of time. The automation of this process was carried out by Santander Montes and collaborators with the professional statistical package PSPP of free distribution. Objective: To build an instrument in Excel for qualifications of partial and final exams, of three, five and seven questions, with spelling errors discounted according to the requirements of Cuban medical education. Methods: The information and formula tabulation tools offered by the Microsoft Office 2013 Excel program were used. Results: A simple interface was designed, easy to execute. A sequence was created to determine in the instrument: validity, reliability, representativeness and feasibility. With the repeated review of five professors independently (1 Pediatrics, 1 Internal Medicine and 3 Public Health) and the pilot test (final exam of Public Health of the medical career in the first semester of the 2021-2022 academic year in the Faculty Julio Trigo López), a very easy-to-use, valid, reliable and accessible instrument was achieved. Conclusions: The proposed instrument in Excel speeds up the evaluation process and avoids the errors that are made in manual evaluation(AU)

Rendimiento académico en estudiantes de enfermería de una universidad pública / Academic performance in nursing students from a public university

Introducción: la globalización ha impactado el ámbito educativo, por lo que las instituciones de educación superior tienen la responsabilidad de generar en los alumnos destrezas, habilidades y conocimientos que faciliten el proceso de aprendizaje para mejorar y mantener un rendimiento académico eficiente. Objetivo: describir el rendimiento académico desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes de noveno semestre de la Licenciatura en Enfermería de una institución pública del estado de Oaxaca, México. Metodología: el diseño del estudio fue descriptivo transversal. La muestra fue de 159 estudiantes, con un nivel de confianza de 95% y un margen de error del 5%. El muestreo fue probabilístico aleatorio simple. Para la medición del rendimiento académico se aplicó la Escala MEDMAR. La ética del estudio consideró la declaración de Helsinki. El análisis de los datos se procesó a través del programa SPSS, versión 22, y Microsoft Excel Office 10. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó la estadística descriptiva. La confiabilidad del instrumento reportó un alfa de Cronbach de 0.9. Resultados: los estudiantes percibieron el rendimiento académico como bueno (12.6%) y muy bueno (87.4%). En las variables contextuales se observó en un 74.4% como muy bueno. Para las variables propias del estudiante se percibió un 85.5% en calidad de muy bueno. Conclusión: las evidencias encontradas apuntan a que los estudiantes perciben el rendimiento académico de manera positiva.

Introduction: Globalization has had an impact on the educational field, which is why higher education institutions have the responsibility of generating skills, abilities and knowledge in students that facilitate the learning process to improve and maintain an efficient academic performance. Objective: To describe the academic performance from the perspective of the students of the ninth semester of the Bachelor of Science in Nursing of a public institution of the state of Oaxaca. Methodology: The study design was descriptive, cross-sectional. The sample consisted of 159 students, with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error of 5%. The sampling was simple random. To measure academic performance, the MEDMAR Scale was applied. The ethics of the study considered the Declaration of Helsinki. The data analysis was processed through the Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 22, and Microsoft Excel Office 10. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis. The reliability of the instrument reported a Cronbach's alpha of 0.9 Results: Students perceived the academic performance as good (12.6%) and very good (87.4%). In contextual variables, it was observed in 74.4% as very good. For the student's own variables, 85.5% were perceived as very good. Conclusion: The evidence found indicates that students perceive academic performance in a positive way.

Calidad de la evaluación en estomatología en el período 2014-2021 / Quality of the evaluation in the dental medicine major in the period 2014-2021

Introducción: La ampliación de la matrícula en la carrera de estomatología y la apertura de nuevos escenarios docentes descentralizados han constituido un reto en la formación de los educandos. Con el ejercicio del examen estatal se certifica la competencia de los egresados. Objetivo: Comparar los resultados de la evaluación final de la asignatura Atención integral a la población con los del examen ordinario estatal de la carrera de estomatología en los escenarios docentes descentralizados de Plaza de la Revolución. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y transversal de los resultados del examen ordinario estatal de la carrera de estomatología en el período 2014-2021, en los escenarios docentes descentralizados de Plaza de La Revolución. Los resultados finales se compararon con la nota final de la asignatura Atención integral a la población. Se trabajó con el universo de los estudiantes (161). Se utilizaron los números enteros y el porcentaje. Resultados: Los resultados de la asignatura Atención integral a la población fueron ligeramente superiores a los obtenidos en la prueba estatal. En ambos predominaron las calificaciones de alto rendimiento, para un 69,5 por ciento y un 57,1 por ciento respectivamente. Conclusiones: La calidad satisfactoria de los resultados docentes de los exámenes finales de Atención integral a la población y el estatal se mantuvieron con una tendencia a la mejoraría de las calificaciones de los últimos tres cursos(AU)

Introduction: An increase in the enrollment acceptance for the dental medicine major and the creation of new decentralized teaching settings have become challenges with respect to the training of students. The state examination certifies the competence of graduates. Objective: To compare the results of the final evaluation corresponding to the subject of Comprehensive Population Care with the results of the first call for the state examination corresponding to the dental medicine major in the context of decentralized teaching settings of Plaza de la Revolución Municipality, Havana, Cuba. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional research was carried out with the results of the first call for the state examination corresponding to the dental medicine major in the period 2014-2021, in the context of decentralized teaching settings of Plaza de La Revolución Municipality. The final results were compared with the final scores corresponding to the subject of Comprehensive Population Care. The universe of students (161) were included. Integer numbers and percentages were used. Results: The results corresponding to the subject of Comprehensive Population Care were slightly higher than the results obtained in the state examination. Both were characterized by predominantly high performance scores, accounting for 69.5 percent and 57.1 percent, respectively. Conclusions: The satisfactory quality of the teaching results corresponding to the final exams for the subject of Comprehensive Population Care and the state examination maintained a tendency of improving scores in the last three academic years(AU)

Desempeño académico de fin de carrera en estudiantes de medicina ante un cambio de plan de estudios en Uruguay: graduación, rezago y becas / Academic performance at the end of the career in medical students during a curriculum change in Uruguay: on time and delayed graduation and scholarships / Desempenho acadêmico de final de curso dos estudantes de medicina diante de uma mudança no plano de estudos do Uruguai: graduação, defasagem e bolsas

La duración de la carrera de medicina en la Universidad de la República, Uruguay, se redujo un año al modificarse el plan de estudios. Estudiantes que cursaron el novel y el antiguo plan rindieron sincrónicamente un concurso previo a la práctica preprofesional en 2015, graduándose simultáneamente. Este trabajo indagó sobre las potenciales derivaciones de cursar uno u otro plan, como forma de obtener insumos para la evaluación del plan de estudios actual y de los programas de becas de apoyo estudiantil, a fin de proyectar estrategias de mejora. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo cuantitativo analizando el desempeño, la retención y el rezago estudiantil en relación con el plan cursado, atributos sociodemográficos y el usufructo de becas. Los graduados con rezago tuvieron peor desempeño al final de la carrera que los graduados en tiempo, independientemente del plan. El rezago se asoció al perfil sociodemográfico. El 23.7% de los graduados usufructuó alguna beca durante su carrera. Los becados presentaron niveles educativos parentales inferiores y procedieron en mayor proporción del interior del país que el total de graduados. Se concluye que: a) la desvinculación y el rezago académico tienen lugar en ambos planes; b) cursar con rezago se asocia a un peor desempeño en etapas finales de la carrera, vinculándose con el perfil sociodemográfico y no con cursar un plan de estudios u otro y c) las políticas institucionales de becas remedian parcialmente este hecho favoreciendo la retención y graduación.

At the Universidad de la República, Uruguay, the medical career duration was reduced as a consequence of a curriculum renovation. Students who attended the novice and the prior curriculum synchronously took a pre-practice contest in 2015, graduating simultaneously. This work investigated the potential derivations of taking the previous or the new curriculum and to obtain inputs for the evaluation of the current curriculum and student support scholarship programs in order to project improvement strategies. A quantitative retrospective study was carried out analyzing student performance, retention and delayed graduation in relation to the curriculum taken, sociodemographic attributes and the use of scholarships. Regardless of the curriculum, those with a delayed graduation showed lower results than those who graduated in time. Delayed graduation was associated with the sociodemographic profile. A 23.7% of the graduates used a scholarship at some point in their career. The scholarship recipients presented lower parental educational levels and came in a greater proportion from the interior of the country than the total number of graduates. It was concluded that: a) dropout and academic delay occur at both curriculums; b) obtaining a degree with a delay is associated with worse performance in the final career stages, being linked to the sociodemographic profile and not to taking one study plan or another and c) institutional scholarship policies partially solve baseline inequities, favoring retention and graduation.

A duração do curso de medicina da Universidade da República, Uruguai, foi reduzida em um ano como consequência da modificação do plano de estudos. Os alunos que pegaram o novato e o plano antigo de forma síncrona realizaram um concurso anterior a prática pré-profissional em 2015, graduando-se simultaneamente. Este trabalho investigou as possíveis derivações da adoção de um ou outro plano, como forma de obter informaçoes para a avaliação do atual plano de estudos e programas de bolsas de apoio ao estudante, a fim de projetar estratégias de melhoria. Realizou-se um estudo quantitativo retrospectivo analisando desempenho, retenção e defasagem dos alunos em relação ao plano realizado, atributos sociodemográficos e utilização de bolsas. Os graduados com defasagem alcançaram resultados significativamente mais baixos do que os graduados no prazo, independentemente do plano. A defasagem foi associada ao perfil sociodemográfico. Vinte e três por cento dos egressos utilizaram bolsa durante a curso. Os bolsistas apresentavam pais com menor nível educativo e vinham em maior proporção do interior do país do que o total de diplomados. Conclui-se que: a) o desistência e a defasagem acadêmica ocorrem em ambos os planos; b) a defasagem está associado a um pior desempenho nas fases finais da curso, estando vinculado ao perfil sociodemográfico e não à realização de um ou outro plano de estudos e ao perfil sociodemográfico e não de um ou outro plano de estudos e c) as políticas institucionais de bolsas sanam parcialmente este fato, favorecendo a retenção e a graduação.

Impacto del COVID-19 en el desempeño y experiencia académica de médicos internos / Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance and academic experience of undergraduate interns

Introducción: la pandemia por COVID-19 ha tenido un gran impacto y alto costo en la educación de los médicos en formación que no ha sido determinado a largo plazo. Objetivo: determinar el impacto del COVID-19 en médicos internos de pregrado y cómo repercutió en su formación académica. Material y métodos: estudio mixto en el que se revisaron las calificaciones del examen departamental bimestral del 2018 al 2020 de los médicos internos Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; se utilizó la técnica de grupos focales para indagar su experiencia y repercusiones durante la pandemia. Resultados: el promedio de calificaciones de los años 2018-2019 fue de 70.76 +/- 10.12. En el 2020 de 76.19 +/- 10.66 (p = 0.000). En la CDMX durante 2018-2019 se registró una media de 70.40 +/- 10.15 frente a 71.97 +/- 10.28 de las sedes foráneas (p > 0.05). En el 2020, las sedes de la capital tuvieron una media de 77.02 +/- 10.31 frente a 73.86 +/- 11.296 de las del interior (p = 0.000). Al comparar las calificaciones bimestrales, no hubo diferencias significativas en 2018 y 2019; sin embargo, en el 2020 hubo una elevación de 69.40 +/- 9.538 a 79.39 +/- 10.70. Conclusiones: se registraron mejores resultados en las calificaciones del 2020 en relación con las del 2018 y 2019, estas fueron más altas en las sedes capitalinas en relación con las foráneas. La percepción retrospectiva de los internos fue que dispusieron de más tiempo para el estudio de contenidos temáticos y menor presión en el trabajo asistencial; declararon que hubieran preferido quedarse en sus rotaciones, con el equipo de protección necesario para evitar contagiarse.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a great impact and hig+h cost on the education of physicians that has not been determined in the long term. Objective: To determine the impact of COVID-19 on undergraduate interns and how it affected their academic training. Material and methods: Mixed study. Qualifications of the bimonthly departmental exam from 2018 to 2020 of the FACMED-UNAM internal doctors were reviewed, the focus group technique was used to investigate their experience and repercussions during the pandemic. Results: The grade point average for 18-19 was 70.76+/10.12. In 2020 76.19+/-10.66 (p = 0.000). In the CDMX 2018-2019 an average 70,405+/-10,156 against 71.97+/10.28 of foreign headquarters (p > 0.05). In 2020, the capital's headquarters an average of 77.02+/-10.31 against 73.86+/-11.296 in the interior (p = 0.000). When comparing the bimonthly ratings, there were no significant differences in 2018 and 2019; However, in 2020 there is an increase from 69.40 +/-9.538 to 79.39 +/-10.709. Conclusions: The ratings for 2020 had better results in relation to 2018 and 2019, they were higher in capital cities in relation to foreign ones. The retrospective perception of the inmates was that they had more time to study thematic contents and less pressure in the care work; They stated that they would have preferred to stay in their rotations, with the necessary protective equipment to avoid getting infected.

La creatividad en estudiantes con TDAH y altas capacidades / Creativity in students with ADHD and high capacities

El trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) es una patología recurrente en el contexto escolar, la cual ha sido asociada a un bajo rendimiento académico y dificultades en la capacidad cognitiva. Sin embargo, en los últimos años, ha surgido un interés por estudiar otros factores que también parecen asociarse con este trastorno. Entre ellos, destacan la alta capacidad y la creatividad como componentes que en al-gunas ocasiones aparecen de forma conjunta con el TDAH. El objetivo de la presente revisión bibliográfica consiste en recopilar información teórica relacionada con la crea-tividad como factor que se articula con el TDAH y las altas capacidades. Para esto, se realizó la búsqueda de antecedentes investigativos, relacionados con esta temática en diferentes bases de datos, desde el año 2006 hasta el 2020. Los resultados de esta búsqueda indican que algunos de los niños con TDAH, presentan un coeficiente intelec-tual superior y un alto índice de creatividad, que puede verse alterado por los efectos del tratamiento farmacológico. Por ello, la mayoría de estas investigaciones sugiere la realización de otros estudios empíricos que soporten esta relación

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a recurrent pathology in the school context, which has been associated with low academic performance and difficulties in cognitive ability. However, in recent years, there has been an interest in studying other factors that also seem to be associated with this disorder. Among them, high ability and creativity stand out as components that sometimes appear together with ADHD. The aim of this literature review is to compile theoretical information related to creativity as a factor that is articulated with ADHD and high abilities. For this purpose, a search of research background related to this topic was carried out in different databases, from 2006 to 2020. The results of this search indicate that some of the children with ADHD have a higher IQ and a high creativity index, which may be altered by the effects of pharmacological treatment. Therefore, most of these investigations suggest that further empirical studies should be carried out to support this relationship

Ambiente de ensino-aprendizagem na formação inicial universitária / Teaching-learning environment in initial university training in physical education

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the perceptions of university Physical Education students at different progression levels in the programs regarding the teaching-learning environment in the initial training. In total, 273 students (Bachelor's program n = 150; Licentiate program n = 123) from the Licentiate Program in Physical Education of a public university in Santa Catarina, Brazil, participated in this study, responding to the adapted version of the Assessment Questionnaire of the Perceived Environment in the Initial Training in Physical Education. The Chi-square test was used to analyze the associations between the student progression levels in the programs and their perceptions about the initial training environment. The results indicated the predominance of practical classes/experiences and written theoretical evaluations, especially in the initial phases. The infrequent observation experiences and learning through practice or observation were the assumed roles, made evident primarily in the final semesters. Although the students perceived themselves as active regarding their participation levels, they indicated that the professors are the ones responsible for making the decisions. It is concluded that the initial training in Physical Education requires reconfiguring certain teaching-learning practices to increase student involvement and responsibility for their own training process.

RESUMO Objetivou-se analisar as percepções de estudantes universitários de Educação Física em distintos níveis de progressão no curso, sobre o ambiente de ensino-aprendizagem na formação inicial. Participaram 273 estudantes (Bacharelado n=150; Licenciatura n=123) do curso de licenciatura em Educação Física de uma universidade pública de Santa Catarina, Brasil, os quais responderam à versão adaptada do Questionário de Avaliação do Ambiente Percebido da Formação Inicial em Educação Física. O teste Qui-quadrado foi utilizado para analisar as associações entre o nível de progressão discente nos cursos e suas percepções sobre o ambiente de formação inicial. Os resultados indicaram a predominância de aulas/vivências práticas e de avaliações teóricas escritas, especialmente nas fases iniciais. As experiências poucos frequentes de observação, e o aprendizado pela prática ou por observação foi o papel assumido, especialmente evidenciados nos semestres finais. Apesar de os estudantes terem se percebido ativos quanto ao seu nível de participação, indicaram que os professores são os principais responsáveis por tomar as decisões. Conclui-se que a formação inicial em Educação Física necessita reconfigurar determinadas práticas de ensino-aprendizagem para aumentar o envolvimento e a responsabilidade discentes pelo próprio processo formativo.

Nivelación propedéutica y rendimiento académico en la Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins de Chile / Preparatory leveling and academic performance in Bernardo O'Higgins University of Chile

Introducción: Esta investigación presenta los resultados preliminares del plan de Nivelación académica de la Universidad Bernardo O´Higgins, realizado en 2018 y denominado Nivelación Cero. Este proyecto es parte de la estrategia institucional, diseñada como una extensión del programa de nivelación de la universidad, para apoyar a los estudiantes nuevos en el repaso de contenidos escolares y estrategias de autogestión, para afrontar las exigencias del primer año de estudios. Objetivo: Exponer en qué medida un plan de acompañamiento propedéutico contribuye con la mejora del rendimiento en los estudiantes de nuevo ingreso. Métodos: En marzo de 2018 se llevó a cabo un estudio comparativo basado en un análisis estadístico multivariado (hj-Biplot), sobre los resultados obtenidos en la aprobación semestral general y en las asignaturas críticas de la formación, situados en el primer semestre de carrera. Resultado: La aplicación del programa de Nivelación Cero en el primer semestre de 2018 determinó de forma positiva la cantidad de aprobación en materias críticas de la carrera elegida. Conclusiones: Esta experiencia da cuenta de la importancia que tiene la realización de procesos de nivelación, tendientes a hacer del sistema universitario un espacio que promueva la equidad(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: This research presents the preliminary results of Bernardo O'Higgins University's academic leveling plan, carried out in 2018 and called "Nivelación Cero" [Zero Leveling]. This project is part of the institutional strategy designed as an extension of the university's leveling program, in order to support new students in reviewing school content and regarding self-management strategies, to face the demands of the first academic year. Objective: To expose to what extent a preparatory support plan contributes to improving the performance of new students. Methods: In March 2018, a comparative study was carried out based on a multivariate statistical analysis (hj-Biplot), on the results obtained in the general semester completion qualification as well as in the critical subjects of the training, located in the first semester of the major. Results: The application of the "Nivelación Cero" program in the first semester of 2018 positively determined the amount of completion qualification in critical subjects of the chosen major. Conclusions: This experience shows the importance of carrying out leveling processes, aimed at making the university system a space that promotes equity.

Ayudantías universitarias: influencia académica percibida en el desempeño en el examen de residencias médicas municipales / Teaching assistants: perceived academic influence on performance in municipal medical residency exams

Introducción: el ejercicio de la docencia universitaria por parte de estudiantes de Medicina ofrecería múltiples beneficios. Sin embargo, no hay evidencia de que mejore el desempeño en los exámenes estandarizados en el posgrado. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la diferencia de los puntajes en el examen de residencias médicas municipales entre ayudantes y no ayudantes, y evaluar la autopercepción del efecto de ser ayudante sobre el desempeño en dicho examen y sobre las habilidades académicas. Métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal, con un muestreo por conveniencia de médicos participantes del examen de residencias médicas municipales de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires (CABA) de 2018, a partir del listado oficial. Se excluyeron aquellos a quienes fue imposible contactar, que se negaran a participar o cuya identidad discrepara con la de la persona seleccionada para incluir en el estudio. Resultados: de los 3579 médicos que concursaron en el examen de residencias médicas básicas municipales de CABA 2018, se tomó una muestra aleatoria de 300 sujetos, de los cuales se contactó a 87. De ellos, 20 sujetos cumplían con criterios de exclusión; por lo tanto fueron 67 sujetos los que finalmente participaron del estudio. La proporción de respuestas con respecto a los sujetos que pudieron ser contactados mediante redes sociales fue 77%. El puntaje de examen entre los ayudantes fue de 32,3 ± 5,7 puntos mientras que entre los no ayudantes fue 29,5 ± 6,1 puntos. Entre los ayudantes, el 68% informó percibir que el hecho de haber realizado una ayudantía en el pregrado tuvo un efecto de levemente a muy positivo sobre su desempeño en el examen, un 76% refirió la profundización de conocimientos específicos, el 73% informó una mejoría en sus habilidades comunicacionales y el 59% una mayor capacidad para jerarquizar contenidos. Conclusión: el desarrollo de una actividad docente en el pregrado sería percibida por quienes la desarrollan como una actividad promotora de habilidades comunicacionales y de jerarquización de contenidos y, ulteriormente, como una influencia positiva en el desempeño académico en el examen de residencias médicas municipales. Estas conclusiones deben confirmarse con estudios futuros. (AU)

Introduction: medical students could benefit from teaching university courses. However, there is no evidence showing that this activity improves academic performance on standardized tests in graduate school. The objective of this study was to describe the differences in scores on the municipal medical residency exam between physicians who were teaching assistants and those who weren't, and to evaluate the self-perception of the effect of being a teaching assistant on the performance on this exam and on academic skills in general. Methods: this is an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study, with a convenience sample of physicians participating in the 2018 municipal medical residency exam of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires (CABA) based on official lists. Those who could not be contacted, refused to participate, or whose identity diverged from the person selected to include in the study, were excluded. Results: of the 3,579 physicians who participated in the basic municipal medical residency exam in CABA 2018, a random sample of 300 subjects was taken, of which 87 were contacted. Of those, 20 subjects met the exclusion criteria, having 67 subjects finally participating in the study. The proportion of subjects who could be contacted through social networks was 77%. The exam score among physicians who were teaching assistants was 32.3 ± 5.7 points while among the non-teaching assistants it was 29.5 ± 6.1 points. Among the teaching assistants, 68% perceived that the fact of having been a teaching assistant as an undergraduate had a slight to very positive effect on their performance in the exam, 76% referred the deepening of their specific knowledge on the subject they taught, 73% reported an improvement in their communication skills, and 59% referred a greater ability to rank content. Conclusions: undergraduate teaching would be perceived as an activity that promotes communication skills and ability to rank content and, therefore, as a positive influence on academic performance in the municipal medical residency exam. These conclusions need to be confirmed with future studies. (AU)

Influence of sleep quality on medical students' academic performance / Influência da qualidade do sono no desempenho acadêmico de estudantes de medicina

Objective: To identify the main factors affecting medical stu- dents' sleep quality and the probable relationship between sleep and academic performance throughout the course. Methods: A cross-sectional qualitative study was carried out at a private higher education institution in the city of Araguari (MG), Brazil. The sample consisted of 110 regularly enrolled medical students. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Questionnaire were applied. Statistical analy- sis was performed using the one way analysis of variance test with the post-hoc Tukey test, two way analysis of variance Test, and Student's t-test. Results: Out of the 105 students analyzed, 19.04% (n=20) were classified as "good" sleepers and 80.95% (n=85) as "poor" sleepers. No statistically significant difference was observed between the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Questionnaire scores and the students' grades averages or the students' academic terms. Conclusion: The majority of the students was classified as "poor" sleepers. The use of ener- getic substances and the female sex were the two significant factors that may affect sleep quality. There was no relationship between sleep quality and academic performance.

Objetivo: Identificar os principais fatores que afetam a qualidade do sono de acadêmicos de medicina e a provável relação entre o sono e o desempenho escolar ao longo do curso. Métodos: Estudo transversal de cunho qualiquantitativo realizado em uma institui- ção privada de ensino superior da cidade de Araguari (MG). A amostra foi constituída de 110 acadêmicos do curso de medi- cina regularmente matriculados. Aplicaram-se um questioná- rio sociodemográfico e o Questionário Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de análise de variância one way com post-hoc de Tukey, teste de análise de variância two way e teste t Student. Resultados: Dos 105 estudantes analisados, 19,05% (n=20) foram classificados como bons dormidores e 80,95% (n=85) como maus dormidores. Não houve diferença significativa entre o escore do Questioná- rio Índice de Qualidade de Sono de Pittsburgh e as médias de notas semestrais, tampouco entre o escore do questionário e os períodos letivos. Conclusão: A maioria dos acadêmicos foi clas- sificada como maus dormidores. Uso de substâncias energéticas e sexo feminino foram os fatores significativos que podem afetar a qualidade do sono. Não houve relação entre a qualidade do sono e o desempenho acadêmico.

Assessment of the relationship between stress and performance in candidates for the Brazilian Bar Association examination

Abstract Objective: This study investigated stress and performance levels in candidates for the Brazilian Bar Association examination (Exame da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil) in Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil. Methods: The following instruments were used: A sociodemographic data sheet, Lipp's Stress Symptom Inventory for Adults, the Ways of Coping Scale, the Adult Self-Report Scale, and the Self-Report Questionnaire. The final sample comprised 117 candidates, aged from 18 to 59 years (mean = 29.7, standard deviation = 7.8), 76 women (65%) and 41 men (35%). Results: In the first phase of the examination, 67 candidates were approved (57.3%), but there was no significant difference in terms of stress: stress symptoms were present in 76.1% of the successful candidates and 62% of the unsuccessful candidates; (χ2 (1) = 2.09; p = 0.148). In terms of stress phases, 70.6% of the successful candidates (n = 36) were in the resistance phase and 78.4% of these had psychological symptoms. The mean age of successful candidates (28.2 years) was lower than that of unsuccessful candidates (31.7 years); (t (115) = −2.48; p = 0.015). Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms were detected in 18 successful candidates (26.9%) and 6 unsuccessful candidates (12.2%); (χ2 (1) = 2.85; p = 0.091). Conclusions: Candidates who were successful in the first phase of the Brazilian Bar Association examination tended to be younger and scored higher for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, but their stress levels did not differ from those of unsuccessful candidates.

Trayectoria de acceso al diagnóstico oportuno del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad: una perspectiva del cuidador primario / Pathway of access to an early diagnosis of attention deficit hiperactivity disorder (ADHD): A primary caregiver´s perspective

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el acceso al diagnóstico oportuno del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) e identificar sus barreras mediante una trayectoria de hechos que va desde percibir los síntomas hasta obtener el diagnóstico formal. Material y métodos: Se empleó un modelo conceptual integral (basado en cuatro dimensiones: percibir, buscar, llegar y usar) y centrado en el paciente. Ello permitió trazar una trayectoria de hechos vividos por las diadas (paciente y su cuidador primario), a partir de la cual se diseñó una cédula compuesta por 143 preguntas dicotómicas o politómicas, y cinco preguntas abiertas. Participaron 177 diadas. Resultados: Se identificaron numerosas barreras para acceder al diagnóstico oportuno; la falta de percepción del TDAH resultó clave como obstáculo para el acceso inicial. Conclusión: La barrera de la falta de percepción podría evitarse brindando información a los cuidadores para que perciban los síntomas nucleares del TDAH como problemas potenciales de salud mental.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the access of an early diagnosis of the ADHD and to identify its barriers by means of a trajectory of facts from perceiving the symptoms until obtaining the formal diagnosis. Materials and methods: An integral conceptual model has been used - based on four dimensions (perceive, search, arrive and use) - and centered on the patient; this has allowed to trace a trajectory of facts lived by the dyads (patient and their primary caregiver). The survey was composed of five open and 143 dichotomous or polytomous questions. 177 dyads participated. Results: Numerous barriers were identified to access the early diagnosis; the lack of perception of ADHD was key to initiate access. Conclusion: The lack of perception could be avoided with information to the caregivers so that they perceive the nuclear symptoms of ADHD as potential mental health problems.

Efeito da educação musical na promoção do desempenho escolar em crianças / Effect of music education on the promotion of school performance in children

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo investigou o efeito da educação musical no repertório de habilidades escolares em crianças expostas e não expostas à educação musical. Método Foram avaliadas 80 crianças, entre oito a doze anos, ambos os sexos, divididos em dois grupos: 40 alunos com educação musical (experimental) e 40 alunos sem educação musical (controle). Para coleta dos dados, foram utilizados o questionário do Sistema de Avaliação de Habilidades Sociais (SSRS-M) e o Teste de Desempenho Escolar (TDE). Resultados Indicaram diferença estatisticamente significante nas crianças expostas à educação musical, evidenciando que houve melhoria no desempenho escolar e na competência acadêmica. Conclusão Portanto, é de grande relevância o benefício da aprendizagem musical aliada a diferentes áreas da educação e da saúde, uma vez que pode representar uma estratégia eficaz na prática inclusiva e na promoção da saúde física e mental das crianças.

ABSTRACT Purpose This study investigated the effect of music education on the repertoire of school skills in children submitted and not to music education. Methods The study sample was composed of 80 children aged 8-12 years, of both genders, divided into two groups: 40 students submitted to music education (experimental) and 40 students not submitted to music education (control). Data were collected using the Social Skills Rating System (SSRS-BR) and the School Performance Test (SPT) questionnaire. The results were submitted to statistical analysis (paired sample t-test and repeated measures ANOVA) at a 5% significance level. Results Results showed statistically significant difference between the groups, evidencing improvement in school performance and academic competence in the children submitted to music education. Conclusion The benefit brought by musical learning associated with different areas of education and health is of great relevance, representing an effective strategy in inclusive practice and promotion of physical and mental health in children.

Influence of sleep quality on academic performance of medical students / Influência da qualidade do sono no desempenho acadêmico de estudantes de medicina

Objective: To know the prevalence of "poor" sleepers among medical students, to identify the main factors affecting sleep quality in this population, and the probable relationship between sleep and academic performance throughout the course. Methods: This is a cross-sectional qualitative and quantitative study carried out at a higher education private institution in the city of Araguari (MG) Brazil. The sample consisted of 110 medical students. A sociodemographic questionnaire and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index were applied. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA one-way test with the post-hoc Tukey test, two-way ANOVA test and Student's t test. Results: Of the 105 students analyzed, 19.05% (n=20) were classified as "good" sleepers, and 80.95% (n=85) as poor sleepers. No statistically significant difference was observed between the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index scores and the students' grade averages or the students' academic terms. Conclusion: The majority of the students was classified as poor sleepers. The consumption of energetic substances and the female sex were the two significant factors that could affect sleep quality. There was no relationship between sleep quality and academic performance.

Objetivo: Conhecer a prevalência de maus dormidores, identificar os principais fatores que afetam a qualidade do sono dessa população e a provável relação entre o sono e o desempenho escolar ao longo do curso de medicina. Métodos: Estudo transversal de cunho qualiquantitativo, realizado em uma instituição privada de Ensino Superior da cidade de Araguari (MG). A amostra foi constituída de 110 acadêmicos do curso de medicina regularmente matriculados. Aplicaram-se um questionário sociodemográfico e o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo ANOVA one-way com post-hoc de Tukey, teste ANOVA two-way e teste t de Student. Resultados: Dos 105 estudantes analisados, 19,05% (n=20) foram classificados como bons dormidores e 80,95% (n=85) como maus dormidores. Não houve diferença significativa entre o escore do Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh e as médias de notas semestrais, tampouco entre o escore do Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh e os períodos letivos. Conclusão: A maioria dos acadêmicos foi classificada como maus dormidores. O uso de substâncias energéticas e o sexo feminino foram os fatores significativos que podem afetar a qualidade do sono. Não houve relação entre a qualidade do sono e o desempenho acadêmico.

Relación entre perfil de ingreso y rendimiento académico línea curricular morfofunción: carrera de odontología, Universidad de la Frontera - Chile / Relationship between applicant's profile and academic performance, curricular design morphofunction, school of dentistry, Universidad de la Frontera - Chile

El Rendimiento Académico es un concepto multifactorial en el que inciden aspectos internos, como las características propias del estudiante, y externos como el tipo de diseño curricular de cada institución. El propósito de este trabajo fue mejorar la disposición de recursos de apoyo educativo en estudiantes en riesgo de reprobación, con el objeto de elevar la calidad de la formación profesional de los odontólogos de la Universidad de La Frontera, identificando aquellos factores del Perfil de Ingreso que influyen en el Rendimiento Académico durante los primeros tres años de la carrera. Estudio cuantitativo observacional analítico con diseño de Cohorte Retrospectiva, la población fueron 222 estudiantes de odontología de las cohortes 2014, 2015 y 2016. Las variables estudiadas fueron promedio de PSU, promedio NEM, promedio Ranking, género, ascendencia mapuche, región de procedencia, establecimiento de procedencia (según tipo de establecimiento y régimen educativo) y quintil de ingreso. Se obtuvo que el promedio PSU solo influye en el primer semestre de la carrera (p=0,000); el promedio NEM presentó una correlación positiva en el quinto (p=0,002) y sexto semestre (p=0,048); el promedio Ranking mostró una correlación positiva en el quinto semestre (p=0,005); las diferencias por género fueron estadísticamente significativas del tercer semestre al sexto (p=0,012; p=0,041; p=0,000; p=0,006 respectivamente); según tipo de establecimiento las diferencias son estadísticamente significativas en los dos primeros semestres (p=0,009; p=0,020) y en el cuarto (p=0,038) y quinto semestre (p=0,011); existe diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los establecimientos Particulares Subvencionado y los Municipales en el Área de Ciencias Básicas (p=0,010); la región de procedencia, el quintil de ingreso y la ascendencia mapuche no tiene incidencia en el RA. Valor de p < 0,05 umbral para la significancia estadística.

Academic Performance is a multifactorial concept in which internal factors, such as the student's personal characteristics, and external elements, such as the curricular design of each educational institution, come into play. The purpose of this essay was to improve the resources of educational support for students at risk of failure, in order to strengthen the quality of the professional training of dentists at Universidad de la Frontera, identifying key factors in Applicant's Profiles that affect Academic Performance during the first three years of studies. Analytic quantitative observational study with Retrospective Cohort design, the population consisted of 222 Dentistry students of 2014, 2015, and 2016 cohorts. The analyzed variables were the scholastic aptitude test (PSU) average, NEM average, class ranking average, sex, Mapuche ethnicity, region of provenance, establishment of origin (according to type of establishment and educational regime) and income quintile. Results showed that PSU scores only affect the first semester of studies (p=0,000); NEM score presented a positive correlation in the fifth (p=0,002) and sixth semester (p=0,048); class ranking showed a positive correlation in fifth semester (p=0,005); sex differences were statistically significant from the third until the sixth semester (p=0,012; p=0,041; p=0,000; p=0,006 respectively); differences in the type of establishments are statistically significant in the first two semesters (p=0,009; p=0,020) and in the fourth (p=0,038) and fifth semesters (p=0,011); there exists statistically significant differences between Private Subsidized schools, and municipal schools in the area of Basic Sciences (p=0,010); the region of provenance, the income quintile and Mapuche ethnicity do not impact the RA. A p < 0,05 threshold for statistical significance.

Impacto de diferentes modalidades de evaluación en el promedio de notas de estudiantes de Medicina: un estudio de intervención no aleatorizado / Impact of different types of evaluation on the average grade of medicine students: a non-randomized interventional study

Introducción: en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje existen múltiples conflictos al momento de seleccionar el tipo de evaluación que debería aplicarse a estudiantes de Medicina. Nuestro objetivo es comparar diferencias en la media de notas de tres modalidades de examen (oral, escrito para desarrollar y preguntas de opción múltiple) para así determinar cómo estas podrían afectar el desempeño de los estudiantes de Medicina en el campo de la Farmacología. Material y métodos: estudio cuasi experimental con una intervención no aleatorizada en una muestra por conveniencia de estudiantes de Medicina. A fin de evaluar diferencias en la media de notas se hizo un análisis ANOVA para muestras pareadas y luego los correspondientes tests de T para muestras pareadas. Resultados: enrolamos inicialmente a 36 estudiantes; 7 fueron excluidos (4 por ausencia y 3 por abandono), y se obtuvieron 29 participantes. La media de notas del examen oral y la de preguntas de opción múltiple fueron ambas significativamente superiores a la del examen escrito para desarrollar (oral vs. escrito: diferencia 1,8 puntos; IC 95% 0,8 a 2,7; p < 0,01; opción múltiple vs. escrito: diferencia 2,1 puntos; IC 95% 1,4 a 2,9; p < 0,01). No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las notas medias del examen oral y del examen de preguntas de opción múltiple (p = 0,37). Conclusión: los estudiantes de Medicina obtienen peores notas en el examen escrito para desarrollar en Farmacología, en relación con los exámenes oral y de preguntas de opción múltiple. Esto posiblemente se asocie al hecho de que aquella modalidad es menos frecuentemente empleada en la carrera de Medicina. (AU)

Introduction: in the teaching-learning process, there are many problems in the selection of the most suitable type of exam for evaluating medical students. Our target was to compare differences in the average grade of medical students upon taking three different types of exam (oral, written, and multiple-choice questions) to determine how these different types of exam may affect the performance of medical students in the area of Pharmacology. Material and methods: we conducted a quasi experimental study by applying a non-randomized intervention to a convenience sample of medical students. To evaluate differences in the average grades among three groups, an ANOVA analysis was applied followed by paired T-tests. Results: we initially enrolled 36 students; 7 were excluded (4 were absent and 3 abandoned the intervention), arriving at a total sum of 29 participants. The average grades of the oral exam and multiple-choice questions were both significantly higher than the written exam (oral vs. written: difference 1.8 points; 95%CI 0.8 to 2.7, p < 0.01; multiple-choice vs. written: difference 2.1 points, 95%CI 1.4 to 2.9, p < 0.01). There were no significant differences between the average grades on the oral exam and the multiple-choice exam (p = 0.37). Conclusion: medical students have worse grades on written exams in Pharmacology, as compared to oral and multiple-choice exams. This could possibly be associated with the fact that this type of exam is less frequently applied in Medical School. (AU)

The effect of sleep quality on academic performance is mediated by Internet use time: DADOS study / O efeito da qualidade do sono no desempenho acadêmico é mediado pelo tempo de uso da internet: estudo DADOS

Abstract Objective: The aims of the present study were to analyze the association of sleep patterns with academic and cognitive performance in adolescents, and to test the potential mediating effect of different activities of screen media usage on this association. Methods: A sample of 269 adolescents (140 boys) aged 14 years from the baseline data of the Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud study completed questionnaires about sleep quality, cognitive performance, and leisure-time sedentary behaviors. Sleep duration was objectively computed using a wrist-worn GENEActiv accelerometer and academic performance was analyzed through school records. Results: Sleep quality (but not sleep duration) was associated with all the academic performance indicators (all p < 0.05). Analysis of covariance revealed higher grades among adolescents with better sleep quality (PSQI ≤ 5; all p < 0.05). These analyses showed no differences regarding cognitive performance. Internet use time was revealed as a mediator of the association between sleep quality and academic performance, being significant for all academic performance indicators (PM ranging from 15.5% to 16.0%). Conclusions: The association between sleep quality and academic performance in adolescents is mediated by time of Internet use. Overall, reducing Internet use in adolescents could be an achievable intervention for improving sleep quality, with potentially positive effects on academic performance.

Resumo Objetivo: Analisar a associação dos padrões de sono com o desempenho acadêmico e cognitivo em adolescentes e testar o efeito mediador potencial de diferentes atividades com uso de dispositivos (mídias) com tela nessa associação. Métodos: Uma amostra de 269 adolescentes (140 meninos) de 14 anos, da linha de base do estudo DADOS (Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud) preencheu uma série de questionários sobre qualidade do sono, desempenho cognitivo e comportamentos sedentários no lazer. A duração do sono foi calculada objetivamente com um acelerômetro de pulso GENEActiv e o desempenho acadêmico foi analisado por meio de registros escolares. Resultados: A qualidade do sono (mas não a duração do sono) foi associada a todos os indicadores de desempenho acadêmico (todos os valores de p < 0,05). A análise de covariância revelou notas mais altas nos adolescentes com melhor qualidade de sono (PSQI ≤ 5; todos os valores de p < 0,05). Essas análises não mostraram diferenças em relação ao desempenho cognitivo. O tempo de uso da Internet revelou-se como um mediador da associação entre qualidade do sono e desempenho acadêmico, foi significativo para todos os indicadores de desempenho acadêmico (PM variou de 15,5% a 16,0%). Conclusões: A associação entre qualidade do sono e desempenho acadêmico em adolescentes é mediada pelo tempo de uso da internet. No geral, reduzir o tempo de uso da internet pelos adolescentes pode ser uma intervenção viável para melhorar a qualidade do sono, com efeitos potencialmente positivos no desempenho acadêmico.

Desempeño de las escuelas de medicina en México: resultados del Examen Nacional para Aspirantes a Residencias Médicas / Performance of medical schools in Mexico: Results from the Examen Nacional para Aspirantes a Residencias Médicas

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar el desempeño de las facultades y escuelas de medicina (FEM) utilizando como subrogado los resultados del Examen Nacional para Aspirantes a Residencias Médicas (ENARM). Material y métodos: Se analizaron las bases de datos oficiales del ENARM 2016 y 2017, empleando cinco criterios de desempeño (CD) por cada FEM: dos oficiales y tres creados exprofeso. Resultados. En 2016 y 2017 se registraron sustentantes de 112 y 115 FEM, respectivamente. Dependiendo del CD, la FEM que quedó clasificada en el primer lugar obtuvo entre 5 y 20 puntos más que la del segundo lugar, y entre 23 y 98 puntos más que la FEM ubicada en el último lugar. Aproximadamente 25% de los sustentantes fueron calificados como "deficientes en conocimientos" y aproximadamente 80% de éstos provenían de menos de un tercio de las FEM. Conclusiones: El ENARM arroja información sobre el desempeño de las FEM. Aproximadamente uno de cada cuatro sustentantes obtuvo puntajes menores al aprobatorio en cualquier especialidad.

Abstract: Objective: To assess the performance of medical schools (FEM) by analyzing the results of their applicants in the Examen Nacional para Aspirantes a Residencias Médicas (ENARM). Materials and methods: Five performance criteria, two official and three created on purpose, were calculated from the ENARM-2016 and -2017 official databases to assess FEM performance. Results: In 2016 and 2017, applicants registered from 112 and 115 FEM, respectively. Depending on the performance criteria, the FEM in the first place obtained 5 to 20 points more than the one placed second, and 23 to 98 points more than the FEM in the last place. Approximately 25% applicants were classified as "knowledge-deficient," and about 80% of these originated from less than one third of the FEM. Conclusion: The ENARM results provide information on the performance of the FEM. Approximately one of every four applicants obtained scores lower than the approval threshold of any specialty.